7

Set 3: Central Ideas (Advanced)

Explanation

Answer: B

PASSAGE

The following text discusses Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory which asserts that the best action is the one that maximizes overall 'utility,' often defined as well-being or happiness. Jeremy Bentham, the founder, proposed a 'felicific calculus' to measure pleasure and pain quantitatively. However, John Stuart Mill later refined this, arguing that pleasures differ in quality, not just quantity; intellectual and moral pleasures (higher pleasures) are superior to mere physical sensations.

How did John Stuart Mill refine Bentham's version of Utilitarianism?

A. By rejecting the idea that consequences matter
B. By introducing the distinction between higher (qualitative) and lower pleasures✓ Correct
C. By stating that only the agent's happiness counts
D. By arguing that pain is actually good for character

Detailed Explanation

Choice B is correct. The text states Mill argued 'pleasures differ in quality... intellectual and moral pleasures... are superior.'

Key Evidence:

• "arguing that pleasures differ in quality"

• "higher pleasures... are superior"

Why others are wrong: A (Opposite (Still a consequentialist)), C (Opposite (Maximizes overall utility)), D (Not mentioned).

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