4

Set 1: Inferences (Advanced)

Explanation

Answer: B

PASSAGE

The dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki remains one of history's most debated decisions. Proponents argue the bombs saved millions of lives by avoiding a land invasion; critics contend Japan was already seeking surrender, making the attacks unnecessary and primarily motivated by postwar power positioning against the Soviet Union.

What does the debate suggest about historical judgment?

A. Historical consensus is always quickly achieved.
B. Interpreting motivations and evaluating alternatives involves contested counterfactual reasoning.✓ Correct
C. Both sides agree on the decision's justification.
D. Japan surrendered before the bombs were dropped.

Detailed Explanation

Arguing about 'what would have happened' (invasion vs. surrender) and motives = counterfactual and contested.

Key Evidence:

• "avoiding a land invasion"

• "Japan was already seeking surrender"

Why others are wrong: A (It 'remains one of history's most debated.'), C (Proponents and critics disagree.), D (The debate is about whether surrender was imminent, not achieved.).

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