How should I approach this reading question type?

First, identify the core claim of the text. Look for transition words like 'however' or 'furthermore' which signal changes in the author's logic. Then, match the evidence directly to the options provided.

What is the common trap in wrong answers for this category?

The most common trap is 'extreme language' (e.g., 'always', 'never') or 'unsupported inferences' that go beyond what is explicitly stated in the provided text snippet.

Why is the correct answer better than the close alternatives?

The correct answer usually captures the most direct and necessary evidence from the text, whereas alternatives often focus on minor details or distort the author's primary subject.

Set 4: Cross-Text Connections (Advanced)

Explanation

Answer: C

PASSAGE

Text 1 The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) ended the Thirty Years' War and established the principle of state sovereignty. It is considered the foundation of the modern international system. Text 2 This Westphalian system assumes strict non-intervention in internal affairs. However, the rise of human rights law and the concept of 'Responsibility to Protect' (R2P) challenge this, arguing that sovereignty does not grant a state the right to massacre its own people.

How does Text 2 complicate the principle established in Text 1?

A. It reinforces strict non-intervention.

B. It argues for more wars.

C. It introduces a moral obligation that supersedes absolute sovereignty in cases of atrocity.✓ Correct

D. It says the treaty was never signed.

Detailed Answer Explanation

This question asks you to compare perspectives from two passages. Text 1: Sovereignty/Non-intervention. Text 2: Human rights/R2P challenge this. Complication: Sovereignty vs Human Rights. Understanding how the authors relate to each other's views is essential. Identify whether they agree, disagree, or address different aspects of the topic. Focus on their specific claims and conclusions. When comparing texts, first identify each author's thesis or main argument. Then determine how these positions interact: do they complement each other, contradict each other, or address different aspects of the same issue? The relationship between texts reveals deeper meaning.

Key Evidence:

• "sovereignty does not grant ... right to massacre"

• "challenge this"

Why others are wrong: A (Challenges it.), B (Protection.), D (Foundation.).

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