Set 1: Detailed Explanations

**Choice B is the correct answer.** The passage describes the discovery and emphasizes that the bioluminescent patterns "appear to communicate information," leading to the conclusion that jellyfish "may be far more socially sophisticated" than believed. • **Evidence**: The text states the light patterns suggest social sophistication. • **Reasoning**: The main idea connects the discovery to the broader implication about jellyfish behavior. • **Conclusion**: The central focus is on what this discovery means for our understanding of jellyfish. **Why other choices are wrong:** - Choice A only describes the discovery without the main implication. - Choice C isn't the focus—the text is about one specific species, not undiscovered species in general. - Choice D is too broad—the text discusses one specific species, not bioluminescence in general.

**Choice A is the correct answer.** The passage presents both the benefits (reduced car dependency, stronger community bonds) and the challenges (infrastructure changes, housing costs) of the concept. • **Evidence**: The text mentions both "proponents argue" and "critics caution." • **Reasoning**: The balanced presentation indicates the main idea encompasses both perspectives. • **Conclusion**: The text discusses both benefits and implementation concerns. **Why other choices are wrong:** - Choice B focuses on health, which isn't the main topic. - Choice C misrepresents critics—they have specific concerns, not general opposition. - Choice D is too narrow—housing costs are just one concern mentioned.

**Choice B is the correct answer.** The text explicitly states that ChargeNow's technology "promises 80% charge in just 10 minutes," directly addressing the charging time problem. • **Evidence**: The text identifies charging time as "one major obstacle" and states the new technology offers 10-minute charging. • **Reasoning**: The technology's main benefit is solving the charging time problem. • **Conclusion**: Reduced charging time is the central advantage described. **Why other choices are wrong:** - Choice A (cost) is not mentioned in the text. - Choice C (range) is not discussed. - Choice D is incorrect—the technology still requires charging, just faster.

**Choice C is the correct answer.** The text emphasizes that "young bees must learn this dance by watching older, experienced bees" and that bees raised in isolation perform only a "crude version." • **Evidence**: The discovery that learning from experienced bees is required. • **Reasoning**: The text's focus is on cultural transmission, not just the dance itself. • **Conclusion**: The main point is about learned behavior in bees. **Why other choices are wrong:** - Choice A focuses on the dance itself, not the learning aspect. - Choice B contradicts the text—the dance must be learned, not genetically programmed. - Choice D is too extreme—isolated bees can perform a crude version.

**Choice B is the correct answer.** The text explicitly states this approach "has been particularly valuable for studying societies that left few written records." • **Evidence**: Direct statement about value for societies with limited records. • **Reasoning**: The example of pre-colonial African civilizations illustrates this point. • **Conclusion**: Studying societies without extensive written records is the main benefit cited. **Why other choices are wrong:** - Choice A (speed) is not mentioned. - Choice C misrepresents the text—it doesn't say documents are unreliable. - Choice D incorrectly attributes the approach's development to African historians.

**Choice B is the correct answer.** The text discusses both ecological value (biodiversity, "rainforests of the sea") and economic value (fishing, tourism, $375 billion). • **Evidence**: Mentions "remarkable biodiversity" and "$375 billion annually." • **Reasoning**: The text presents two types of value—ecological and economic. • **Conclusion**: Both values are central to the text's message. **Why other choices are wrong:** - Choice A (threats) are not discussed. - Choice C misrepresents tourism—it's presented as a benefit, not a threat. - Choice D overstates dependence—sea turtles are just one example.

**Choice B is the correct answer.** The text describes how "memories are consolidated during sleep" through replay, which "strengthen[s] important memories." • **Evidence**: Sleep involves "strengthening important memories." • **Reasoning**: The replay process organizes what to keep and what to let fade. • **Conclusion**: Sleep actively helps with memory consolidation. **Why other choices are wrong:** - Choice A contradicts the text—sleep strengthens, not prevents, memories. - Choice C misreads the text—studying before sleep is better. - Choice D (tiredness) is not mentioned as a factor.

**Choice C is the correct answer.** The text states that "humans often make choices that contradict" the rational model, giving examples like valuing fairness over profit. • **Evidence**: Multiple examples of non-rational behavior are provided. • **Reasoning**: The contrast between traditional model and actual behavior is central. • **Conclusion**: People's decisions often don't match rational expectations. **Why other choices are wrong:** - Choice A contradicts the text's main point. - Choice B is too extreme—the text doesn't say models are never useful. - Choice D misunderstands the relationship—behavioral economics challenges the traditional model.

**Choice C is the correct answer.** The text specifically mentions "unprecedented vertical space filled with light" as what the architectural innovations achieved. • **Evidence**: "unprecedented vertical space filled with light" • **Reasoning**: This describes the distinctive architectural achievement. • **Conclusion**: Height and light are the key innovations described. **Why other choices are wrong:** - Choice A (speed) is not mentioned. - Choice B (materials) is not discussed. - Choice D is incorrect—the style "quickly spread throughout Europe."

**Choice B is the correct answer.** The text describes the recovery from 22 birds to over 500 but notes ongoing challenges ("fragile and dependent on ongoing conservation efforts"). • **Evidence**: Growth from 22 to 500+, called "one of the most successful wildlife recoveries." • **Reasoning**: Success is clear but qualified by ongoing fragility. • **Conclusion**: Remarkable success despite remaining challenges. **Why other choices are wrong:** - Choice A overgeneralizes—the text only discusses one program. - Choice C is too optimistic—the population "remains fragile." - Choice D misreads the text—the 1980s refer to near-extinction, not discovery.