The following text is from a philosophy of science article.
Underdetermination of theory by evidence challenges scientific realism. Multiple theories may accommodate the same empirical data equally well. Realists respond that non-empirical virtues—simplicity, unity, explanatory power—justify belief in best current theories. Anti-realists counter that such virtues are pragmatic guides, not truth indicators. The debate raises deeper questions about the relationship between theoretical and observational vocabularies.
What is the primary purpose of the text?
To provide experimental evidence supporting a specific scientific theory
To present a challenge to scientific realism and competing responses
To argue definitively that scientific theories are merely useful fictions
To compare scientific methods across different disciplines
Correct Answer: B
Choice B is the best answer. The text presents underdetermination as a challenge, realist responses (non-empirical virtues), and anti-realist counters.
- Evidence: The text presents the challenge: "Underdetermination... challenges scientific realism. Multiple theories may accommodate the same empirical data." It notes realist response: "Realists respond that non-empirical virtues... justify belief." It notes anti-realist counter: "Anti-realists counter that such virtues are pragmatic guides, not truth indicators."
- Reasoning: The passage outlines a classic challenge to scientific realism and the back-and-forth of the debate.
- Conclusion: The purpose is to present challenge and responses.
💡 Strategy: Summarize: Same data, different theories (Challenge). Simplicity (Realist) vs. Just useful (Anti-realist).
Choice A is incorrect because experimental evidence isn't provided. Choice C is incorrect because anti-realism isn't endorsed. Choice D is incorrect because disciplines aren't compared.