The following text discusses philosophy of social science.
Methodological individualism holds that social phenomena must ultimately be explained in terms of individual actions and mental states. Holists counter that genuinely social entities—institutions, cultures, markets—have properties irreducible to individuals. The debate connects to questions about ontological levels: are group-level patterns merely convenient abstractions, or do they represent genuine causal powers? Each position has versions ranging from eliminative to more permissive.
What is the main purpose of the text?
To present competing positions about explanation in social science and connect them to deeper issues
To provide statistical methods for social research
To argue that only holism is valid for social explanation
To compare sociological theories across different countries
Correct Answer: A
Choice A is the best answer. The text presents methodological individualism and holism, connects them to ontological questions about causal powers, and notes varieties of each.
- Evidence: The text presents individualism: "Methodological individualism holds..." It presents holism: "Holists counter that..." It connects to ontology: "The debate connects to questions about ontological levels..." It notes varieties: "Each position has versions..."
- Reasoning: The passage outlines a debate between two camps and explains the deeper philosophical issues at stake.
- Conclusion: The purpose is to present positions and connect to deeper issues.
đź’ˇ Strategy: Summarize: Individuals vs. Groups. Is society real? (Ontology).
Choice B is incorrect because methods aren't provided. Choice C is incorrect because both positions are presented. Choice D is incorrect because countries aren't compared.