The following text is from a history of science article.
Scientific revolutions rarely involve simple replacement of false theories with true ones. Kuhn noted that competing paradigms are often "incommensurable"—they may define key terms differently, ask different questions, and employ different standards of evidence. The transition from Newtonian to Einsteinian physics involved not just new equations but reconceptualization of space, time, and matter themselves. Understanding scientific change requires attending to these deeper conceptual transformations.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
It critiques Kuhn's theory as fundamentally flawed.
It advances a thesis about scientific change with theoretical and historical support.
It provides biographical information about Newton and Einstein.
It argues that all scientific theories are equally valid.
Correct Answer: B
Choice B is the best answer. The text advances a thesis (change involves more than replacement), supports it with theory (Kuhn's incommensurability) and history (Newton to Einstein).
- Evidence: The text states the thesis: "Scientific revolutions rarely involve simple replacement." It cites theory: "Kuhn noted... 'incommensurable'." It cites history: "transition from Newtonian to Einsteinian physics."
- Reasoning: The author makes a claim and backs it up with both a theoretical framework and a historical example.
- Conclusion: This matches "advances a thesis... with theoretical and historical support."
💡 Strategy: Identify the Thesis and the supporting types of evidence (Theory + History).
Choice A is incorrect because Kuhn is cited supportively. Choice C is incorrect because biographies aren't provided. Choice D is incorrect because equal validity isn't claimed.