Epistemic injustice, a concept from Miranda Fricker, occurs when someone is wronged in their capacity as a knower. 'Testimonial injustice' happens when prejudice leads hearers to give speakers less credibility than deserved. 'Hermeneutical injustice' occurs when dominant conceptual frameworks lack resources to understand marginalized experiences—victims of harassment before 'sexual harassment' was named couldn't articulate what had happened. Both forms show how social power structures can impair knowledge transmission and generation.
Based on the passage, it can be inferred that
the concepts and vocabulary available within a society may affect what experiences can be articulated and understood
testimonial injustice and hermeneutical injustice are identical concepts
social power has no effect on knowledge
having a concept is never helpful for understanding experience
Correct Answer: A
Choice A is the best answer. Lacking the concept 'sexual harassment' prevented articulating the experience.
- Context clues: Victims "couldn't articulate what had happened" before the concept existed.
- Meaning: Available concepts shape what can be expressed and understood.
- Verify: Naming the phenomenon enabled its recognition.
đź’ˇ Strategy: When the absence of a concept is shown to prevent articulation, infer concepts enable articulation.
Choice B is incorrect because they're distinguished as different forms. Choice C is incorrect because both forms show "social power structures can impair knowledge." Choice D is incorrect because the example shows naming created the ability to articulate.