Epistemic virtue theory holds that knowledge results from intellectual virtues—traits like open-mindedness, intellectual humility, and thorough investigation. Unlike traditional epistemology focused on beliefs, this approach centers on the inquirer's character. Critics argue this reverses explanation: we don't call traits virtuous because they produce knowledge; we call them virtuous independently, and it happens that virtuous inquiry tends toward truth.
Based on the passage, it can be inferred that
all epistemologists ignore the role of inquiry
intellectual virtues never lead to knowledge
how we characterize the relationship between virtue and knowledge may affect which concept is explanatorily fundamental
the critic agrees that virtues are defined by their knowledge production
Correct Answer: C
Choice C is the best answer. The debate is about which concept explains which.
- Context clues: Theory says virtues produce knowledge; critics say it's not that virtues are virtuous because they produce knowledge.
- Meaning: The direction of explanation is disputed.
- Verify: "Reverses explanation" explicitly names the conceptual direction issue.
💡 Strategy: When debates concern which concept is primary/explanatory, infer fundamental concept disputes.
Choice A is incorrect because virtue theory specifically focuses on the inquirer. Choice B is incorrect because both sides agree virtuous inquiry tends toward truth. Choice D is incorrect because the critic denies that virtues are defined by knowledge production.