The concept of 'species' seems straightforward—cats and dogs are different species. But defining species precisely is surprisingly difficult. The biological species concept (interbreeding populations) fails for asexual organisms. The morphological concept (physical similarity) fails for species with highly variable appearances. Different definitions group organisms differently, leading some philosophers to argue that 'species' is a human construct, not a natural kind discovered in nature.
Based on the passage, it can be inferred that
all species definitions produce identical groupings of organisms
concepts that seem obvious in everyday use may become problematic under rigorous analysis
cats and dogs are the same species
philosophers deny that any groupings of organisms exist
Correct Answer: B
Choice B is the best answer. A common concept becomes complex when analyzed carefully.
- Context clues: 'Species' seems straightforward but is "surprisingly difficult" to define precisely.
- Meaning: What works in everyday life can fail under philosophical scrutiny.
- Verify: Multiple definitions that don't agree show conceptual complexity.
💡 Strategy: When simple-seeming concepts resist precise definition, infer hidden complexity.
Choice A is incorrect because "different definitions group organisms differently." Choice C is incorrect because they're used as an example of obvious different species. Choice D is incorrect because the argument is about whether groupings are 'natural kinds,' not whether they exist.