Robert Putnam's 'Bowling Alone' documented declining participation in clubs, civic organizations, and community activities in America. He argued this erosion of 'social capital' weakens democracy and personal well-being. Critics note that while traditional organizations declined, new forms of social connection (online communities, informal networks) have emerged. Putnam countered that virtual connections lack the trust-building depth of face-to-face interaction.
The passage suggests that
online communities are identical to traditional civic organizations in all respects
social participation in America has only declined, never evolved
all forms of social connection build trust equally well
evaluating claims about social change may require considering whether new forms adequately replace old ones
Correct Answer: D
Choice D is the best answer. The debate is about whether new forms replace what was lost.
- Context clues: Critics say new forms emerged; Putnam says they lack "trust-building depth."
- Meaning: Change isn't the question—whether the change is adequate replacement is.
- Verify: The disagreement is about the quality of replacement, not whether change occurred.
đź’ˇ Strategy: When debates hinge on whether new things serve old functions, infer the functional comparison is key.
Choice A is incorrect because Putnam argues they differ in "trust-building depth." Choice B is incorrect because critics note "new forms" have "emerged." Choice C is incorrect because Putnam distinguishes face-to-face from virtual connections.