Text 1: Philosopher of science Dr. Helen Moore defends scientific objectivity. "Science discovers mind-independent facts through reliable methods," Moore argues. "Experimental replication ensures findings aren't mere interpretation."
Text 2: Sociologist of science Dr. David Chen emphasizes social construction. "Scientific facts are constructed within communities of practice," Chen contends. "What counts as evidence, valid method, or significant result reflects social negotiation."
What aspect of scientific knowledge do Moore and Chen conceptualize differently?
Whether scientists exist as professionals
Whether scientific facts are discovered or constructed through social processes
Whether experiments can be performed
Whether communities include multiple people
Correct Answer: B
Choice B is the correct answer. Moore sees facts as discovered—mind-independent, out there. Chen sees facts as constructed—products of social negotiation. Realism vs. constructivism about scientific knowledge.
- Evidence: Moore: "discovers mind-independent facts"; Chen: "facts are constructed."
- Reasoning: Different ontology of scientific knowledge.
- Conclusion: Discovery vs. construction is the fundamental difference.
Choice A is incorrect because both accept scientists exist. Choice C is incorrect because both discuss experiments. Choice D is incorrect because community structure isn't the issue.