Text 1: Developmental psychologist Dr. Anna Long studies parenting styles. "Authoritative parenting—warm but firm—produces better outcomes than permissive or authoritarian approaches," Long reports. "This pattern holds across cultures and contexts."
Text 2: Cross-cultural psychologist Dr. Robert Kim examines cultural variation. "Parenting effectiveness depends on cultural context," Kim argues. "What registers as 'authoritarian' in individualistic cultures may express care in collectivistic ones. Universal prescriptions miss cultural meaning."
What does Kim suggest limits Long's cross-cultural claims?
That parenting has no effects on children
That the same practices carry different meanings in different cultural contexts
That psychology cannot study development
That cultures are all identical
Correct Answer: B
Choice B is the correct answer. Kim argues that "authoritarian" practices have different meanings in different cultural systems. Same behavior, different significance—challenging universality.
- Evidence: Kim: practices "express care in collectivistic" cultures.
- Reasoning: Behavior classification depends on cultural interpretation.
- Conclusion: Universal categories miss context-dependent meaning.
Choice A is incorrect because Kim discusses parenting effects. Choice C is incorrect because Kim does developmental research. Choice D is incorrect because Kim emphasizes cultural variation.