Text 1: Linguist Dr. Maria Santos studies bilingual education. "Instruction in home languages supports academic achievement and identity development," Santos writes. "Subtractive bilingualism—replacing home languages—causes cognitive and emotional harm."
Text 2: Education researcher Dr. Robert Kim examines implementation challenges. "Bilingual programs require qualified teachers in each language," Kim notes. "Many schools lack capacity. Well-intentioned policies without adequate resources can produce worse outcomes than criticized alternatives."
How does Kim's perspective on bilingual education relate to Santos's advocacy?
It contradicts the linguistic research Santos cites
It identifies practical constraints that complicate ideal implementation
It argues home language instruction has no benefits
It promotes subtractive bilingualism
Correct Answer: B
Choice B is the correct answer. Kim doesn't dispute Santos's research but notes implementation challenges—teacher availability, resources. Practical constraints may prevent realizing theoretical benefits.
- Evidence: Kim: "without adequate resources can produce worse outcomes."
- Reasoning: Ideal policy meets real-world limitations.
- Conclusion: Kim adds practical constraints to Santos's theoretical advocacy.
Choice A is incorrect because Kim doesn't challenge the research. Choice C is incorrect because Kim doesn't deny benefits. Choice D is incorrect because Kim doesn't promote harmful practices.