The following text is about environmental philosophy.
Deep ecology, articulated by philosopher Arne Næss, argues that nature has intrinsic value independent of its usefulness to humans. This "biocentric" view contrasts with anthropocentrism, which values nature only for human benefit. Deep ecologists advocate fundamental changes in human lifestyle and economy to reduce humanity's impact on the biosphere. Critics argue that biocentric ethics offers no clear way to resolve conflicts among species and that some anthropocentrism is inevitable since humans must assess values. Yet deep ecology has influenced environmental movements globally.
What distinguishes deep ecology from anthropocentric environmentalism?
Deep ecology only values nature for human benefit
Deep ecology holds that nature has intrinsic value beyond human use
Anthropocentrism advocates more radical environmental action
Deep ecology focuses exclusively on urban environments
Correct Answer: B
Choice B is the correct answer. Deep ecology argues "nature has intrinsic value independent of its usefulness to humans," contrasting with anthropocentrism that "values nature only for human benefit."
- Evidence: Intrinsic vs. instrumental value distinction.
- Reasoning: Source of nature's value differs fundamentally.
- Conclusion: Intrinsic value independent of human use defines deep ecology.
Choice A is incorrect because this describes anthropocentrism. Choice C is incorrect because deep ecology advocates more radical changes. Choice D is incorrect because the focus is on the biosphere generally.