The following text is about political theory.
Deliberative democracy theory holds that legitimate political decisions emerge not simply from aggregating preferences through voting but from reasoned discussion among citizens. Theorists like Jürgen Habermas argue that an "ideal speech situation"—where all affected parties can participate freely and arguments succeed on merit—produces decisions that participants can accept as legitimate. Critics question whether such conditions are achievable: power imbalances, time constraints, and cognitive biases inevitably shape real deliberation. Despite practical challenges, deliberative ideals influence efforts to design more participatory political institutions.
What is the relationship between deliberative democracy ideals and practical challenges?
Practical challenges have eliminated interest in deliberative democracy
The ideals influence institutional design despite practical obstacles
Habermas believed all deliberation is already ideal
Voting is the only component of democratic legitimacy
Correct Answer: B
Choice B is the correct answer. The text notes "practical challenges" but concludes "deliberative ideals influence efforts to design more participatory political institutions."
- Evidence: Challenges acknowledged; ideals still influence design.
- Reasoning: Imperfect application doesn't negate value.
- Conclusion: Ideals remain influential despite obstacles.
Choice A is incorrect because ideals still influence design. Choice C is incorrect because the "ideal speech situation" is aspirational. Choice D is incorrect because deliberation is proposed as essential alongside voting.