The following text is about social psychology.
The Milgram experiments of the 1960s revealed disturbing aspects of human obedience to authority. Participants were instructed to administer increasingly severe electric shocks to another person (actually an actor) as punishment for incorrect answers. Despite apparent suffering, about 65% continued to the highest shock level when ordered by an authority figure. Milgram concluded that situational pressures—particularly orders from perceived legitimate authority—can override personal moral judgment. The experiments remain controversial for their deception and participant distress, but have profoundly shaped understanding of atrocity and compliance.
According to the text, what did the Milgram experiments demonstrate?
Most people are naturally sadistic
Situational authority can override individual moral judgment
People always resist harmful orders
Electric shocks have no psychological effects
Correct Answer: B
Choice B is the correct answer. Milgram concluded "situational pressures—particularly orders from perceived legitimate authority—can override personal moral judgment."
- Evidence: Authority figures induced harmful compliance despite moral hesitation.
- Reasoning: Situation and authority were the key variables.
- Conclusion: Context can override internal moral compass.
Choice A is incorrect because situation, not personality, was the explanation. Choice C is incorrect because 65% continued to highest levels. Choice D is incorrect because the shocks were fake; the study was about obedience.